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Server Message Block

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Server Message Block (SMB) is a <a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocol</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> used to share files, <a href="Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printers</a>, <a href="Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a>, and miscellaneous communications between <a href="Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">nodes</a> on a <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a>. On <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, the SMB implementation consists of two vaguely named <a href="Windows_service" title="Windows service">Windows services</a>: "Server" (ID: <code>LanmanServer</code>) and "Workstation" (ID: <code>LanmanWorkstation</code>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> It uses <a href="NTLM" title="NTLM">NTLM</a> or <a href="Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a> protocols for user authentication. It also provides an authenticated <a href="Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> (IPC) mechanism.

SMB was originally developed in 1983 by Barry A. Feigenbaum at IBM<a href="#cite_note-tridgemyths-3">[3]</a> to <a href="Shared_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared access">share access</a> to <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> and <a href="Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printers</a> across a network of systems running IBM's <a href="IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a>. In 1987, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a> implemented SMB in <a href="LAN_Manager" title="LAN Manager">LAN Manager</a> for <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, at which time SMB used the <a href="NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a> service atop the <a href="NetBIOS_Frames" title="NetBIOS Frames">NetBIOS Frames</a> protocol as its underlying transport. Later, Microsoft implemented SMB in <a href="Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a> and has been updating it ever since, adapting it to work with newer underlying transports: <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> and <a href="NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP" title="NetBIOS over TCP/IP">NetBT</a>. SMB over <a href="QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a> was introduced in <a href="Windows_Server_2022" title="Windows Server 2022">Windows Server 2022</a>.

In 1996, Microsoft published a version of SMB 1.0<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> with minor modifications under the Common Internet File System (CIFS /sɪfs/) moniker. CIFS was compatible with even the earliest incarnation of SMB, including <a href="LAN_Manager" title="LAN Manager">LAN Manager</a>'s.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> It supports symbolic links, hard links, and larger file size, but none of the features of SMB 2.0 and later.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Microsoft's proposal, however, remained an <a href="Internet_Draft" title="Internet Draft">Internet Draft</a> and never achieved standard status.<a href="#cite_note-IETF-6">[6]</a> Microsoft has since discontinued the CIFS moniker but continues developing SMB and publishing subsequent specifications. <a href="Samba_(software)" title="Samba (software)">Samba</a> is a <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> reimplementation of the SMB protocol and the Microsoft extensions to it.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

Server Message Block (SMB) enables <a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>, <a href="Print_server" title="Print server">printer sharing</a>, network browsing, and <a href="Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a> (through <a href="Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">named pipes</a>) over a <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a>. SMB serves as the basis for Microsoft's <a href="Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">Distributed File System</a> implementation.

SMB relies on the <a href="Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> and <a href="Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> protocols for transport. This combination allows file sharing over <a href="Internetworking" title="Internetworking">complex, interconnected networks</a>, including the public Internet. The SMB <a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">server component</a> uses <a href="Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> <a href="Port_(computer_networking)" title="Port (computer networking)">port</a> 445. SMB originally operated on <a href="NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a> over <a href="IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">IEEE 802.2</a> - <a href="NetBIOS_Frames" title="NetBIOS Frames">NetBIOS Frames</a> or NBF - and over <a href="IPX/SPX" title="IPX/SPX">IPX/SPX</a>, and later on <a href="NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP" title="NetBIOS over TCP/IP">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a> (NetBT), but Microsoft has since <a href="Deprecated" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecated">deprecated</a> these protocols. On NetBT, the server component uses three TCP or <a href="User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a> ports: 137 (NETBIOS Name Service), 138 (NETBIOS Datagram Service), and 139 (NETBIOS Session Service).

In Microsoft Windows, two vaguely named <a href="Windows_service" title="Windows service">Windows services</a> implement SMB. The "Server" service (ID: <code>LanmanServer</code>) is in charge of serving <a href="Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">shared resources</a>. The "Workstation" service (ID: <code>LanmanWorkstation</code>) maintains the computer name and helps access shared resources on other computers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> SMB uses the <a href="Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a> protocol to authenticate users against <a href="Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a> on <a href="Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Windows domain</a> networks. On simpler, peer-to-peer networks, SMB uses the <a href="NTLM" title="NTLM">NTLM</a> protocol.

<a href="Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0 SP3</a> and later can <a href="Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digitally sign</a> SMB messages to prevent some <a href="Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> SMB signing may be configured individually for incoming SMB connections (by the "LanmanServer" service) and outgoing SMB connections (by the "LanmanWorkstation" service). The default setting for Windows <a href="Domain_controller" title="Domain controller">domain controllers</a> running <a href="Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> and later is to not allow unsigned incoming connections.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> As such, earlier versions of Windows that do not support SMB signing from the get-go (including <a href="Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>) cannot connect to a Windows Server 2003 domain controller.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>

SMB supports opportunistic locking (see below) on files in order to improve performance. Opportunistic locking support has changed with each Windows Server release.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opportunistic_locking">Opportunistic locking</h3></div>

In the SMB protocol, opportunistic locking is a mechanism designed to improve performance by controlling <a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caching</a> of network files by the client.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Unlike traditional <a href="Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">locks</a>, opportunistic lock (OpLocks) are not strictly <a href="File_locking" title="File locking">file locking</a> or used to provide mutual exclusion.

There are four types of opportunistic locks.

<dl><dt>Batch Locks</dt>

<dd>Batch OpLocks were created originally to support a particular behavior of DOS batch file execution operation in which the file is opened and closed many times in a short period, which is a performance problem. To solve this, a client may ask for an OpLock of type "batch". In this case, the client delays sending the close request and if a subsequent open request is given, the two requests cancel each other.<a href="#cite_note-Sphere2014-12">[12]</a></dd>

<dt>Level-1 OpLocks / Exclusive Locks</dt>

<dd>When an application opens in "shared mode" a file hosted on an SMB server which is not opened by any other process (or other clients) the client receives an exclusive OpLock from the server. This means that the client may now assume that it is the only process with access to this particular file, and the client may now cache all changes to the file before committing it to the server. This is a performance improvement, since fewer round-trips are required in order to read and write to the file. If another client/process tries to open the same file, the server sends a message to the client (called a break or revocation) which invalidates the exclusive lock previously given to the client. The client then flushes all changes to the file.</dd>

<dt>Level-2 OpLocks</dt>

<dd>If an exclusive OpLock is held by a client and a locked file is opened by a third party, the client has to relinquish its exclusive OpLock to allow the other client's write/read access. A client may then receive a "Level 2 OpLock" from the server. A Level 2 OpLock allows the caching of read requests but excludes write caching.</dd>

<dt>Filter OpLocks</dt>

<dd>Added in Windows NT 4.0, Filter Oplocks are similar to Level 2 OpLocks but prevent sharing-mode violations between file open and lock reception. Microsoft advises use of Filter OpLocks only where it is important to allow multiple readers and Level 2 OpLocks in other circumstances. Clients holding an OpLock do not really hold a lock on the file, instead they are notified via a break when another client wants to access the file in a way inconsistent with their lock. The other client's request is held up while the break is being processed.</dd>

<dt>Breaks</dt>

<dd>In contrast with the SMB protocol's "standard" behavior, a break request may be sent from server to client. It informs the client that an OpLock is no longer valid. This happens, for example, when another client wishes to open a file in a way that invalidates the OpLock. The first client is then sent an OpLock break and required to send all its local changes (in case of batch or exclusive OpLocks), if any, and acknowledge the OpLock break. Upon this acknowledgment the server can reply to the second client in a consistent manner.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3></div>

The use of the SMB protocol has often correlated with a significant increase in <a href="Broadcast_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast traffic">broadcast traffic</a> on a network. However the SMB itself does not use broadcasts—the broadcast problems commonly associated with SMB actually originate with the <a href="NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a> service location protocol. By default, a <a href="Microsoft_Windows_NT_4.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Windows NT 4.0">Microsoft Windows NT 4.0</a> server used NetBIOS to advertise and locate services. NetBIOS functions by broadcasting services available on a particular host at regular intervals. While this usually makes for an acceptable default in a network with a smaller number of hosts, increased broadcast traffic can cause problems as the number of hosts on the network increases. The implementation of name resolution infrastructure in the form of <a href="Windows_Internet_Naming_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Internet Naming Service">Windows Internet Naming Service</a> (WINS) or <a href="Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS) resolves this problem. WINS was a proprietary implementation used with Windows NT 4.0 networks, but brought about its own issues and complexities in the design and maintenance of a Microsoft network.

Since the release of Windows 2000, the use of WINS for name resolution has been deprecated by Microsoft, with hierarchical <a href="Dynamic_DNS" title="Dynamic DNS">Dynamic DNS</a> now configured as the default name resolution protocol for all Windows operating systems. Resolution of (short) NetBIOS names by DNS requires that a DNS client expand short names, usually by appending a connection-specific DNS suffix to its DNS lookup queries. WINS can still be configured on clients as a secondary name resolution protocol for interoperability with legacy Windows environments and applications. Further, Microsoft DNS servers can forward name resolution requests to legacy WINS servers in order to support name resolution integration with legacy (pre-Windows 2000) environments that do not support DNS.

<a href="Network_planning_and_design" title="Network planning and design">Network designers</a> have found that <a href="Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> has a significant impact on the performance of the SMB 1.0 protocol, that it performs more poorly than other protocols like <a href="File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>. Monitoring reveals a high degree of "chattiness" and a disregard of network latency between hosts.<a href="#cite_note-barreto-13">[13]</a> For example, a <a href="Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a> connection over the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> will often introduce network latency. Microsoft has explained that performance issues come about primarily because SMB 1.0 is a block-level rather than a <a href="Streaming_algorithm" title="Streaming algorithm">streaming</a> protocol, that was originally designed for small <a href="Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LANs</a>; it has a block size that is limited to 64K, SMB signing creates an additional overhead and the <a href="TCP_tuning" title="TCP tuning">TCP window size</a> is not optimized for WAN links.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Solutions to this problem include the updated SMB 2.0 protocol,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="Offline_Files" class="mw-redirect" title="Offline Files">Offline Files</a>, <a href="TCP_window_scale_option" title="TCP window scale option">TCP window scaling</a> and <a href="WAN_optimization" title="WAN optimization">WAN optimization</a> devices from various network vendors that cache and optimize SMB 1.0<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and 2.0.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Barry Feigenbaum originally designed SMB at <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in early 1983 with the aim of turning <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> <a href="INT_21h" class="mw-redirect" title="INT 21h">INT 21h</a> local file access into a networked file system.<a href="#cite_note-tridgemyths-3">[3]</a> <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> made considerable modifications to the most commonly used version and included SMB support in the <a href="LAN_Manager" title="LAN Manager">LAN Manager</a> operating system it had started developing for <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> with <a href="3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a> around 1990.<a href="#cite_note-theregister/2018/06/08/smb1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-borncity/2017/06/15/retire-smbv1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-thurrott/265909-20">[20]</a> Microsoft continued to add features to the protocol in <a href="Windows_for_Workgroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows for Workgroups">Windows for Workgroups</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1992) and in later versions of Windows. LAN Manager authentication was implemented based on the original legacy SMB specification's requirement to use IBM "LAN Manager" passwords, but implemented <a href="Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard">DES</a> in a <a href="LM_hash" class="mw-redirect" title="LM hash">flawed manner</a> that allowed passwords to be cracked.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Later, <a href="Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a> authentication was also added. The <a href="Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Windows domain</a> logon protocols initially used <a href="40-bit_encryption" title="40-bit encryption">40-bit encryption</a> outside of the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, because of export restrictions on stronger 128-bit encryption<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> (subsequently lifted in 1996 when President <a href="Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Executive_Order_13026" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Executive Order 13026">Executive Order 13026</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>).

SMB 1.0 (or SMB1) was originally designed to run on <a href="NetBIOS_Frames" title="NetBIOS Frames">NetBIOS Frames</a> (NetBIOS over <a href="IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">IEEE 802.2</a>). Since then, it has been adapted to NetBIOS over <a href="IPX/SPX" title="IPX/SPX">IPX/SPX</a> (NBX), and <a href="NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP" title="NetBIOS over TCP/IP">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a> (NetBT). Also, since <a href="Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a>, SMB runs on <a href="Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> using TCP port 445, a feature known as "direct host SMB".<a href="#cite_note-direct-24">[24]</a> There is still a thin layer (similar to the Session Message packet of NetBT's Session Service) between SMB and TCP.<a href="#cite_note-direct-24">[24]</a> Windows Server 2003, and legacy <a href="Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a> devices use SMB1 natively.

SMB1 is an extremely chatty protocol, which is not such an issue on a <a href="Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> (LAN) with low latency. It becomes very slow on <a href="Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide area networks</a> (WAN) as the back and forth handshake of the protocol magnifies the inherent high latency of such a network. Later versions of the protocol reduced the high number of handshake exchanges. One approach to mitigating the inefficiencies in the protocol is to use <a href="WAN_optimization" title="WAN optimization">WAN optimization</a> products such as those provided by <a href="Riverbed_Technology" title="Riverbed Technology">Riverbed</a>, <a href="Silver_Peak_Systems" title="Silver Peak Systems">Silver Peak</a>, or <a href="Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco</a>. A better approach is to upgrade to a later version of SMB. This includes upgrading both NAS devices as well as Windows Server 2003. The most effective method to identify SMB1 traffic is with a network analyzer tool, such as <a href="Wireshark" title="Wireshark">Wireshark</a>. Microsoft also provides an auditing tool in <a href="Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a> to track down devices that use SMB1.<a href="#cite_note-messageanalyzer-25">[25]</a>

Microsoft has marked SMB1 as <a href="Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> in June 2013.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Windows Server 2016 and <a href="Windows_10_version_1709" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 10 version 1709">Windows 10 version 1709</a> do not have SMB1 installed by default.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

In 1996, when Sun Microsystems announced <a href="WebNFS" title="WebNFS">WebNFS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WebNFS-28">[28]</a> Microsoft launched an initiative to rename SMB to Common Internet File System (CIFS)<a href="#cite_note-tridgemyths-3">[3]</a> and added more features, including support for <a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic links</a>, <a href="Hard_link" title="Hard link">hard links</a>, larger file sizes, and an initial attempt at supporting direct connections over TCP port 445 without requiring <a href="NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a> as a transport (a largely experimental effort that required further refinement). Microsoft submitted some partial specifications as <a href="Internet_Draft" title="Internet Draft">Internet Drafts</a> to the <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IETF-6">[6]</a> These submissions have since expired.

Microsoft introduced a new version of the protocol (SMB 2.0 or SMB2) in 2006 with <a href="Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> and <a href="Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smb2-29">[29]</a> Although the protocol is proprietary, its specification has been published to allow other systems to interoperate with Microsoft operating systems that use the new protocol.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

SMB2 reduces the 'chattiness' of the SMB 1.0 protocol by reducing the number of commands and subcommands from over a hundred to just nineteen.<a href="#cite_note-barreto-13">[13]</a> It has mechanisms for <a href="Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipelining</a>, that is, sending additional requests before the response to a previous request arrives, thereby improving performance over high-<a href="Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a> links. It adds the ability to compound multiple actions into a single request, which significantly reduces the number of <a href="Round-trip_delay_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Round-trip delay time">round-trips</a> the client needs to make to the server, improving performance as a result.<a href="#cite_note-barreto-13">[13]</a> SMB1 also has a compounding mechanism—known as AndX—to compound multiple actions, but Microsoft clients rarely use AndX. It also introduces the notion of "durable file handles": these allow a connection to an SMB server to survive brief network outages, as are typical in a wireless network, without having to incur the overhead of re-negotiating a new session.

SMB2 includes support for <a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">symbolic links</a>. Other improvements include caching of file properties, improved message signing with <a href="HMAC" title="HMAC">HMAC</a> <a href="SHA-256" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA-256">SHA-256</a> hashing algorithm and better scalability by increasing the number of users, shares and open files per server among others.<a href="#cite_note-barreto-13">[13]</a> The SMB1 protocol uses 16-bit data sizes, which amongst other things, limits the maximum block size to 64K. SMB2 uses 32- or 64-bit wide storage fields, and 128 bits in the case of <a href="File_handle" class="mw-redirect" title="File handle">file-handles</a>, thereby removing previous constraints on block sizes, which improves performance with large file transfers over fast networks.<a href="#cite_note-barreto-13">[13]</a>

Windows Vista/<a href="Server_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Server 2008">Server 2008</a> and later operating systems use SMB2 when communicating with other machines also capable of using SMB2. SMB1 continues in use for connections with older versions of Windows, as well various vendors' <a href="Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a> solutions. Samba 3.5 also includes experimental support for SMB2.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Samba 3.6 fully supports SMB2, except the modification of user quotas using the Windows quota management tools.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

When SMB2 was introduced it brought a number of benefits over SMB1 for third party implementers of SMB protocols. SMB1, originally designed by <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, was <a href="Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineered</a>, and later became part of a wide variety of non-Windows operating systems such as <a href="Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>, <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a> (<a href="Pathworks" title="Pathworks">Pathworks</a>). <a href="X/Open" title="X/Open">X/Open</a> standardized it partially; Microsoft had submitted Internet-Drafts describing SMB2 to the <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, partly in response to formal IETF standardization of version 4 of the <a href="Network_File_System" title="Network File System">Network File System</a> in December 2000 as IETF RFC 3010;<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> however, those SMB-related Internet-Drafts expired without achieving any IETF standards-track approval or any other IETF endorsement. (See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ubiqx.org/cifs/Intro.html">http://ubiqx.org/cifs/Intro.html</a> for historical detail.) SMB2 is also a relatively clean break with the past. Microsoft's SMB1 code has to work with a large variety of SMB clients and servers. SMB1 features many versions of information for commands (selecting what structure to return for a particular request) because features such as <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support were retro-fitted at a later date. SMB2 involves significantly reduced compatibility-testing for implementers of the protocol. SMB2 code has considerably less complexity since far less variability exists (for example, non-Unicode code paths become redundant as SMB2 requires Unicode support).

Apple migrated to SMB2 (from their own <a href="Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">Apple Filing Protocol</a>, now legacy) starting with <a href="OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X 10.9 "Mavericks"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ai2013-34">[34]</a> This transition was fraught with compatibility problems though.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Non-default support for SMB2 appeared in fact in OS X 10.7, when Apple abandoned Samba in favor of its own SMB implementation called SMBX<a href="#cite_note-ai2013-34">[34]</a> after Samba adopted <a href="GPLv3" class="mw-redirect" title="GPLv3">GPLv3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

The <a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>'s CIFS client file system has SMB2 support since version 3.7.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

SMB 2.1, introduced with Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2, introduced minor performance enhancements with a new opportunistic locking mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

SMB 3.0 (previously named SMB 2.2)<a href="#cite_note-smb3-41">[41]</a> was introduced with <a href="Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a><a href="#cite_note-smb3-41">[41]</a> and <a href="Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smb3-41">[41]</a> It brought several significant changes that are intended to add functionality and improve SMB2 performance,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> notably in virtualized <a href="Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>:

<ul><li>the SMB Direct Protocol (SMB over <a href="Remote_direct_memory_access" title="Remote direct memory access">remote direct memory access</a> [RDMA])</li>

<li>SMB Multichannel (multiple connections per SMB session),<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li>

<li>SMB Transparent Failover<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li></ul>

It also introduces several security enhancements, such as <a href="End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> and a new <a href="Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> based signing algorithm.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

SMB 3.0.2 (known as 3.02 at the time) was introduced with Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2;<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> in those and later releases, the earlier SMB version 1 can be optionally disabled to increase security.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-barreto-smb3-links-ws2012r2-52">[52]</a>

SMB 3.1.1 was introduced with <a href="Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> and <a href="Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> This version supports <a href="Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES-128</a> <a href="Galois/Counter_Mode" title="Galois/Counter Mode">GCM</a> encryption in addition to AES-128 <a href="CCM_mode" title="CCM mode">CCM</a> encryption added in SMB3, and implements pre-authentication integrity check using <a href="SHA-512" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA-512">SHA-512</a> hash. SMB 3.1.1 also makes secure negotiation mandatory when connecting to clients using SMB versions that support it.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2></div>

The specifications for the SMB are proprietary and were initially closed, thereby forcing other vendors and projects to reverse-engineer the protocol to interoperate with it. The SMB 1.0 protocol was eventually published some time after it was reverse engineered, whereas the SMB 2.0 protocol was made available from Microsoft's Open Specifications Developer Center from the outset.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third-party_implementations">Third-party implementations</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samba">Samba</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Samba_(software)" title="Samba (software)">Samba (software)</a></div>

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In 1991, <a href="Andrew_Tridgell" title="Andrew Tridgell">Andrew Tridgell</a> started the development of Samba, a <a href="Free-software" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-software">free-software</a> re-implementation (using <a href="Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a>) of the SMB/CIFS networking protocol for <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, initially to implement an SMB server to allow PC clients running the <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="Pathworks" title="Pathworks">Pathworks</a> client to access files on <a href="SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> machines.<a href="#cite_note-tridgemyths-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Because of the importance of the SMB protocol in interacting with the widespread <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> platform, Samba became a popular <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> implementation of a compatible SMB client and server to allow non-Windows operating systems, such as <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems, to interoperate with Windows.

As of version 3 (2003), Samba provides file and print services for Microsoft Windows clients and can integrate with a <a href="Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> server domain, either as a <a href="Primary_Domain_Controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Domain Controller">Primary Domain Controller</a> (PDC) or as a domain member. Samba4 installations can act as an <a href="Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a> domain controller or member server, at Windows 2008 domain and <a href="Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">forest</a> functional levels.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

Package managers in Linux distributions can search for the cifs-utils package. The package is from the Samba maintainers.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netsmb">Netsmb</h3></div>

NSMB (Netsmb and SMBFS) is a family of in-kernel SMB client implementations in BSD operating systems. It was first contributed to <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> 4.4 by Boris Popov, and is now found in a wide range of other BSD systems including <a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> and <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The implementations have diverged significantly ever since.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

The macOS version of NSMB is notable for its now-common scheme of representing symlinks. This "Minshall-French" format shows symlinks as textual files with a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.symlink</code> extension and a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Xsym\n</code> magic number, always 1067 bytes long. This format is also used for storing symlinks on native SMB servers or unsupported filesystems. Samba supports this format with an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">mfsymlink</code> option.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Docker on Windows also seems to use it.

NQ is a family of portable SMB client and server implementations developed by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visualitynq.com/">Visuality Systems</a>, an Israel-based company established in 1998 by Sam Widerman, formerly the CEO of <a href="Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> Data Communications. The NQ family comprises an embedded SMB stack (written in C), a Pure Java SMB Client, and a storage SMB Server implementation. All solutions support the latest SMB 3.1.1 dialect. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualitynq.com/resources/articles/smb3-for-linux">NQ for Linux</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualitynq.com/resources/articles/smb3-for-wince">NQ for WinCE</a>, iOS, Android, VxWorks and other real-time operating systems are all supported by the configurable NQ solution.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MoSMB">MoSMB</h3></div>

MoSMB is a user space SMB implementation for Linux. It supports SMB 2.x and SMB 3.x. Key features include Cloud-scale Active-Active Scale-out Clusters, SMB Direct (RDMA), SMB Multichannel, Transparent Failover and Continuous Availability. MoSMB also supports <a href="Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a> object storage as storage backend in addition to POSIX file systems such as <a href="Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a>, <a href="ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a>, <a href="Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a>, <a href="Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fusion_File_Share_by_Tuxera">Fusion File Share by Tuxera</h3></div>

Fusion File Share by Tuxera is a proprietary SMB server implementation developed by <a href="Tuxera" title="Tuxera">Tuxera</a> that can be run either in kernel or <a href="User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">user space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> It supports SMB 3.1.1 and all previous versions, additionally advanced SMB features like continuous availability (persistent handles) scale-out, <a href="Remote_direct_memory_access" title="Remote direct memory access">RDMA</a> (SMB Direct), SMB multichannel, transparent compression, <a href="Shadow_copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow copy">shadow copy</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Likewise">Likewise</h3></div>

Likewise developed a CIFS/SMB implementation (versions 1.0, 2.0, 2.1 and SMB 3.0) in 2009 that provided a multiprotocol, identity-aware platform for network access to files used in <a href="Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEM</a> storage products built on Linux/Unix based devices. The platform could be used for traditional NAS, Cloud Gateway, and Cloud Caching devices for providing secure access to files across a network. Likewise was purchased by <a href="EMC_Isilon" class="mw-redirect" title="EMC Isilon">EMC Isilon</a> in 2012.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KSMBD">KSMBD</h3></div>

<a href="KSMBD" title="KSMBD">KSMBD</a> is an open source in-kernel CIFS/SMB server implementation for the Linux kernel. Compared to user-space implementations, it provides better performance and makes it easier to implement some features such as SMB Direct. It supports SMB 3.1.1 and previous versions.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div>

Over the years, there have been many security vulnerabilities in Microsoft's implementation of the protocol or components on which it directly relies.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Other vendors' security vulnerabilities lie primarily in a lack of support for newer <a href="Authentication_protocol" title="Authentication protocol">authentication protocols</a> like <a href="NTLMv2" class="mw-redirect" title="NTLMv2">NTLMv2</a> and <a href="Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a> in favor of protocols like NTLMv1, <a href="LM_hash" class="mw-redirect" title="LM hash">LanMan</a>, or <a href="Plaintext" title="Plaintext">plaintext</a> passwords. Real-time attack tracking<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> shows that SMB is one of the primary attack vectors for intrusion attempts,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> for example the <a href="Sony_Pictures_hack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Pictures hack">2014 Sony Pictures attack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and the <a href="WannaCry_ransomware_attack" title="WannaCry ransomware attack">WannaCry ransomware attack</a> of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2020, two SMB high-severity vulnerabilities were disclosed and dubbed as <a href="SMBGhost_(security_vulnerability)" class="mw-redirect" title="SMBGhost (security vulnerability)">SMBGhost</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2020-0796">CVE-2020-0796</a>) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hackreports.com/smbleed-smbghost-latest-windows-smb-protocol-vulnerability-smbleedingghost/">SMBleed</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2020-1206">CVE-2020-1206</a>), which when chained together can provide <a href="Remote_code_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote code execution">RCE (Remote Code Execution)</a> privilege to the attacker.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_products_that_support_SMB" title="List of products that support SMB">List of products that support SMB</a></li>

<li><a href="Administrative_share" title="Administrative share">Administrative share</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_file_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared file access">Shared file access</a></li>

<li><a href="AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_File_System_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network File System (protocol)">Network File System (protocol)</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote File System">Remote File System</a></li>

<li><a href="WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_Naming_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Naming Convention">Uniform Naming Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Neighborhood">Network Neighborhood</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365233(VS.85).aspx">"Microsoft SMB Protocol and CIFS Protocol Overview"</a>. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. October 22, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802013033/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365233(vs.85).aspx">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230184225/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/86899">"Lan Manager Networking Concepts"</a>. Support. Microsoft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/86899">the original</a> on December 30, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-tridgemyths-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tridgemyths_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tridgemyths_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tridgemyths_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tridgemyths_3-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFTridgell,_Andrew" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Andrew_Tridgell" title="Andrew Tridgell">Tridgell, Andrew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samba.org/samba/docs/myths_about_samba.html">"Myths About Samba"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020045502/https://www.samba.org/samba/docs/myths_about_samba.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-2000-server/cc939973(v=technet.10)">"Common Internet File System"</a>. Windows 2000 Web and Application Services Technical Overview. Microsoft. 18 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130134645/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-2000-server/cc939973(v=technet.10)">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022 – via <a href="Microsoft_Docs" title="Microsoft Docs">Microsoft Docs</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCoulterSatranBatchelor2021" class="citation web cs1">Coulter, David; Satran, Michael; Batchelor, Drew (8 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/microsoft-smb-protocol-and-cifs-protocol-overview">"Microsoft SMB Protocol and CIFS Protocol Overview"</a>. Windows App Development. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128051636/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/microsoft-smb-protocol-and-cifs-protocol-overview">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022 – via <a href="Microsoft_Docs" title="Microsoft Docs">Microsoft Docs</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-IETF-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IETF_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IETF_6-1">b</a> See:

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHeizerLeachPerry1996" class="citation web cs1">Heizer, I.; Leach, P.; Perry, D. (June 13, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808115512/https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-heizer-cifs-v1-spec-00">"Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS/1.0)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-heizer-cifs-v1-spec-00">the original</a> on August 8, 2019.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLeachNaik1997" class="citation web cs1">Leach, Paul J.; Naik, Dilip C. (January 3, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-leach-cifs-logon-spec">"CIFS Logon and Pass Through Authentication"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531142914/https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-leach-cifs-logon-spec">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2017.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLeachNaik1997" class="citation web cs1">Leach, Paul J.; Naik, Dilip C. (January 10, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-leach-cifs-browser-spec">"CIFS/E Browser Protocol"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531142914/https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-leach-cifs-browser-spec">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2017.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLeachNaik1997" class="citation web cs1">Leach, Paul J.; Naik, Dilip C. (January 31, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-leach-cifs-print-spec">"CIFS Printing Specification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531142916/https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-leach-cifs-print-spec">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2017.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLeachNaik1997" class="citation web cs1">Leach, Paul J.; Naik, Dilip C. (February 26, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-leach-cifs-rap-spec">"CIFS Remote Administration Protocol"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531142915/https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-leach-cifs-rap-spec">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2017.</cite></li>

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<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=nsmb.conf&sektion=5">nsmb.conf(5)</a></code> – <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> File Formats <a href="Man_page" title="Man page">Manual</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.microsoft.com/2016/09/14/microsoft-and-tuxera-strengthen-partnership-through-tuxera-smb-server">"Microsoft and Tuxera strengthen partnership through Tuxera SMB Server"</a>. Microsoft. Microsoft News Center. 14 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117044100/http://news.microsoft.com/2016/09/14/microsoft-and-tuxera-strengthen-partnership-through-tuxera-smb-server/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/329170">"MS02-070: Flaw in SMB Signing May Permit Group Policy to Be Modified"</a>. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. December 1, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008113615/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/329170">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2009.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SMB_specifications">SMB specifications</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-cifs/d416ff7c-c536-406e-a951-4f04b2fd1d2b">"[MS-CIFS]: Common Internet File System (CIFS) Protocol"</a>. Open Specifications. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 30 October 2020.</cite>

<ul><li>Specifies the Common Internet File System (CIFS) Protocol, a cross-platform, transport-independent protocol that provides a mechanism for client systems to use file and print services made available by server systems over a network</li></ul></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-smb/f210069c-7086-4dc2-885e-861d837df688">"[MS-SMB]: Server Message Block (SMB) Protocol"</a>. Open Specifications. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 25 June 2021.</cite>

<ul><li>Specifies the Server Message Block (SMB) Protocol, which defines extensions to the existing Common Internet File System (CIFS) specification that have been implemented by Microsoft since the publication of the CIFS specification.</li></ul></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-smb2/5606ad47-5ee0-437a-817e-70c366052962">"[MS-SMB2]: Server Message Block (SMB) Protocol Versions 2 and 3"</a>. Open Specifications. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 14 December 2021.</cite>

<ul><li>Specifies the Server Message Block (SMB) Protocol Versions 2 and 3, which support the sharing of file and print resources between machines and extend the concepts from the Server Message Block Protocol.</li></ul></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-smbd/1ca5f4ae-e5b1-493d-b87d-f4464325e6e3">"[MS-SMBD]: SMB2 Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) Transport Protocol"</a>. Open Specifications. <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 25 June 2021.</cite>

<ul><li>Specifies the SMB2 Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) Transport Protocol, a wrapper for the existing SMB2 protocol that allows SMB2 packets to be delivered over RDMA-capable transports such as iWARP or Infiniband while utilizing the direct data placement (DDP) capabilities of these transports. Benefits include reduced CPU overhead, lower latency, and improved throughput.</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3></div>

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<ul><li>Hertel, Christopher (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubiqx.org/cifs/Book.html">Implementing CIFS – The Common Internet FileSystem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040202181950/http://ubiqx.org/cifs/Book.html">Archived</a> 2004-02-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-047116-X</bdi>. (Text licensed under the <a href="Open_Publication_License" title="Open Publication License">Open Publication License</a>, v1.0 or later, available from the link above.)</li>

<li>Steven M. French, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2007/ols2007v1-pages-131-140.pdf">A New Network File System is Born: Comparison of SMB2, CIFS, and NFS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907100828/http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2007/ols2007v1-pages-131-140.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-09-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="Linux_Symposium" title="Linux Symposium">Linux Symposium</a> 2007</li>

<li>Steve French, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samba.org/~sfrench/presentations/smf-linux-collab-summmit-future-of-file-protocols-smb2.2.pdf">The Future of File Protocols: SMB2 Meets Linux</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817112740/https://www.samba.org/~sfrench/presentations/smf-linux-collab-summmit-future-of-file-protocols-smb2.2.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-08-17 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Linux Collaboration Summit 2012</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dfs/distributed-file-system">DFS section in "Windows Developer" documentation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samba.org/samba/ftp/specs/smb-nt01.doc">the NT LM 0.12 dialect of SMB</a>. In <a href="Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> format</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Uniform_Resource_Identifier_(URI)_schemes138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_URI_schemes" title="List of URI schemes">Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="About_URI_scheme" title="About URI scheme">about</a></li>

<li><a href="Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">gopher</a></li>

<li><a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">https</a></li>

<li><a href="Mailto" title="Mailto">mailto</a></li>

<li><a href="Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</a></li>

<li><a href="View-source_URI_scheme" title="View-source URI scheme">view-source</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hyper_Text_Coffee_Pot_Control_Protocol#Commands_and_replies" title="Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol">coffee</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemini_(protocol)" title="Gemini (protocol)">gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_(protocol)" title="Finger (protocol)">finger</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol#URI_scheme" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">ldaps</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">magnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Rsync" title="Rsync">rsync</a></li>

<li><a href="Yahoo!_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Messenger">ymsgr</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)" title="List of network protocols (OSI model)">Protocol list</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="File_systems283" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="File_systems283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li>

<li><a href="AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li>

<li>BFS

<ul><li><a href="Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>

<li>Byte File System (<a href="Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li>

<li>EFS

<ul><li><a href="Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li>

<li><a href="HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a>

<ul><li><a href="HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li>

<li>MFS

<ul><li><a href="Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li>

<li><a href="TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li>

<li><a href="NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li>

<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li>

<li><a href="ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li>

<li>SFS

<ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li>

<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li>

<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li>

<li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a>

<ul><li><a href="NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li>

<li><a href="UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li>

<li><a href="OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li>

<li><a href="Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li>

<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li>

<li><a href="Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li>

<li><a href="EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li>

<li><a href="FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li>

<li><a href="SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li>

<li><a href="FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li>

<li><a href="UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li>

<li>specfs</li>

<li><a href="Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li>

<li><a href="WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li>

<li><a href="EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li>

<li><a href="SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a>

<ul><li><a href="Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li>

<li><a href="Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li>

<li><a href="Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li>

<li><a href="File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li>

<li><a href="Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li>

<li>Links

<li><a href="Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li>

<li><a href="Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li>

<li><a href="File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a>

<ul><li><a href="Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li>

<li><a href="GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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